finance – Page 2 – Cooper Mann Consulting

September 30, 2014

Revenue Recognition and closing the reporting GAAP

One company earns what the other company spends. This is business, and it seems like it would be pretty straightforward, accounting for the money coming in and the money going out. But it is really not that simple when it comes to business finances and accounting for revenue. With investor pressure to improve share prices and market pressures forcing greater competition, businesses have always sought out ways to make the performance look as good as possible – on paper even if not in reality. It is this requirement to make the business look better than it may actually be that drives “innovation” in financial reporting, and encourages some companies to use whatever rules are available to mislead investors or paint a rosy picture for stakeholders. When the balance is lost and financial reporting standards become so oblique as to allow regular and gross misrepresentation, it is time to change the standards.

There are numerous instances of fraud and scandal reported from the finance departments of big businesses, but instances of improper or misleading revenue recognition can happen in even the smallest of companies, and not necessarily on purpose. It is important to understand that properly and accurately reporting business revenue and earnings isn’t done just for investor satisfaction, it is an essential part of describing business performance that any owner or manager must be able to rely on.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) provide investors and business owners with some consistency in the financial statements they use to analyze company performance, but only minimally. This is partly due to the fact that GAAP is based not only on some standards established by policy boards (the authoritative standards) but also on “generally accepted” standards, which are often not really standards at all but simply past practice that was found to be accepted. Especially in the global economy where fewer businesses operate solely within traditional territorial boundaries – and where accepted reporting methods vary widely – having a single financial reporting standard has become more important than ever.

Make it so, Number One.

Now there are new rules from FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) and IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) which provide clear and detailed guidance for how businesses recognize revenues. These rules are based on a consistently applied set of principles, no matter what sort of business is involved and regardless of where the business is located.

A focus of the new rules of revenue recognition centers on customer contracts, delving into the details of how earnings from those agreements should be recorded. Consider that many businesses combine multiple products and services into a single agreement, even though there may be several deliverables or milestones included. This method of booking customer contracts allowed companies to report revenues they were not yet due as part of a total agreement, often resulting with inflated earnings reports. Stakeholders would perceive that the company had reached one earning threshold, but the reality was something quite different and performance expectations were unmet.

“FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued converged guidance on recognizing revenue in contracts with customers. The new guidance is a major achievement in the Boards’ joint efforts to improve this important area of financial reporting.” http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Page/BridgePage&cid=1351027207987

The new rules force an additional level of discussion, including a full set of disclosure requirements that will provide more information about contracts with customers. Businesses must identify each promised deliverable and attached revenue or earning component, which helps to better understand how the revenue may be earned (and recognized) as the business performs on the various obligations to the customer.

Just take a look at some big ERP companies and the lawsuits generated from problems and failures in delivery – problems that might have been more clearly identified to investors and stakeholders if the tie between product sales and services to be performed were more clearly described. In many cases, these situations exemplify the revenue recognition reporting problem, where large customer contracts and license sales were fully booked and recognized even though implementation services milestones attached to those license sales remained undelivered.

“2010 – JDA Software (i2) – Dillard’s, Inc.: Dillard’s had alleged i2 failed to meet obligations regarding two software-license agreements for which the department-store operator had paid $8 million.” http://www.zdnet.com/blog/projectfailures/erp-train-wrecks-failures-and-lawsuits/12055

For private companies, reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 must follow the new guidance. It may seem like a long period of time – from the decision to apply the new rules to the effective date – but the number of businesses the new rules will impact is large. The FASB made a decision to delay the effective date because of the broad scope of organizations affected and “the potentially significant effect that a change in revenue recognition has on other financial statement line items.”

Business owners and their accounting professionals need to make sure that financial systems and processes are up to the task and can track and produce the detailed reporting these new rules require. For investors and analysts, the new reporting rules and detailed information they generate will go a long way towards minimizing the impact of innovative revenue reporting practices, and will hopefully bring a new level of believability and usefulness to business financial reports.

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December 12, 2013January 8, 2018

4 Rules of Thumb for Fiscally Fit Business

Most folks who start a new business go in to it with a rather naïve belief that a good idea, product, service and/or group of people can be successful just because their idea, product, service or people are good. Unfortunately, that isn’t’t the reality of starting up and running a business. Regardless of how great and innovative the idea is, the business only works if it is sustainable and profitable. Otherwise, it was just a great idea. For many entrepreneurs, developing an understanding of the financial underpinnings of running a company isn’t the most exciting of ideas. The compulsion is to outsource the responsibility to someone else like an accountant or financial advisor. While I completely and utterly agree that every business owner should work closely with their accounting professional and financial advisor, I also know that those very same business owners will get more value from their advisors if they have a common language to speak (business finance) and are working toward a common goal. The goal is fiscal fitness – the creation of a sustainable and profitable business. Just as physical fitness supports a healthy body, fiscal fitness supports a healthy business.

The successful business operating in this economy adheres closely to 4 main beliefs, rules of thumb perhaps, relating to fiscal management and fitness and which are generally communicated in detail using the language of business finance.

Rule 1. Plan before you start. Then plan some more. Starting a business isn’t like going to college; you’re supposed to know what you’re going to do BEFORE you start up rather than paying to explore the options. It is also very important to recognize that the plan may require some adjustments as you go along (“No plan survives contact with the enemy”), taking care to not equate focus with intractability. This plan should also include the “exit strategy”, which is really a plan for what the owner wants to ultimately get out of the effort. It could be a plan to sell out for gobs of money, to leave a legacy for the children, or maybe just to have an awesome quality of life and do what they love at the same time. Knowing what it will take to get in, get it done, and get out the way you want is all part of the plan.

Rule 2. Keep a close eye on the numbers. No, not all of them, but the really important ones. Some of these numbers have to do with the relationships between price, volume and cost. This is the stuff a business owner needs to know like the back of their hand – hairs and all. Not every business will focus on the same key numbers (mostly, but there are certainly variations), but every business owner should know what to look for. And they should be looking very frequently so things don’t get out of whack before corrections can be made.

Rule 3. Manage the cash, manage the growth, and know how one impacts the other. Cash flow and growth are priorities number 1 and 1 in business but they aren’t the same thing. Consider that reducing prices (and profits) to get more sales may work as long as the volume of sales supports the effort and generates the cash. Without the extra sales revenue to rely on, reducing profits could result in devastation (maybe sticking with the prices the way they are and not pushing for fast growth is a better idea).

Rule 4. If you must borrow, be informed and do it smartly. There are a lot of different options for borrowing money for the business, just as there are a lot of different reasons to do it. There is a great deal of research available which describes the benefits of borrowers being educated in basic financial literacy, with better financial decision-making being among those benefits. Looking for financing is kind of like choosing between the apple and the candy bar: one may promote the fitness you’re looking for while the other does not (but it looks sweet!). It’s nice to have the foundation to support knowing which one you should choose.

Building and maintaining a fit business requires an understanding of how the business works – how and why it makes and spends money, what makes it profitable and what it takes to create and support growth. While outside advisors may be available to help, the best performance is achieved when the business owner masters the essential skills required to run and grow a fiscally fit and sustainable business.

Joanie Mann Bunny Feet

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Measure, Manage and Succeed. It’s all about knowing how to speak the language of finance

October 2, 2013

Banks and Small Business: Finding the “Just Right” Fit Isn’t Easy

Banks need business customers because business accounts provide more profitability than consumer accounts. By volume, there are more small businesses in the US than mid-size or enterprise businesses, which you would think would be a good thing for the banks – more business customers, right? It seems not so much.

For many banks, the problem is that they don’t appear to really know how to service – or even identify – these small business customers. The majority of small businesses in the US don’t have employees, so direct deposit and payroll solutions aren’t something they are looking for. Many of these small businesses operate from the business owner’s home rather than an office, and don’t generate the revenues (=deposits) that bigger businesses do.

To a bank, most small businesses look like consumers. These small businesses are treated like consumers – are offered consumer-level services and are not educated on what business banking services might be able to do for them. In reality, the banks really don’t have much to say to these small business owners, because the services offered by the banks are simply not a great fit. There are studies which suggest that the small business market is fairly evenly divided, with approximately 50% using consumer banking services rather than those designed for business use. Given the inability of the banks to even identify those consumer banking customers who are actually small businesses, I would suggest that the percentage is even higher.

There are three primary elements tied to banking which should be better-positioned to assist small business owners in leveraging their banking relationships to the benefit of the business and not just the bank. If the financial institutions can find a way to meet these three essential needs for smaller businesses, they would likely find that more small businesses would embrace business banking services, resulting in greater profitability for the bank.

e-Payments

Use of electronic payments services represents a growing trend in small businesses and needs to be better-addressed by the financial institutions rather than purely retail providers. Small businesses are increasingly using the Internet and online technologies to service their various business needs, and payments processing is among the top sellers. Providing SOLO/SOHO and other small businesses with the ability to process payments at any time and from anywhere has become a big driver for this type of solution. The popularity of Pay Pal, Intuit GoPayment and Square payment solutions is a testament to the need for such services in the small business market, yet the broadest use continues to be within retail providers rather than directly via the financial institutions.

Entitlements

Security and access controls to account and transaction information (frequently referred to as “entitlements” attached to business accounts) are hugely valuable for small businesses. Most small business owners engage bookkeeping or accounting professionals at some point, and the process of accounting for the business activities is improved dramatically when those professionals are able to access the information directly from the financial institution. Unfortunately, it is only with the more expensive business class accounts that most banks provide the means for account holders to grant access to account and/or transaction information for accountants and bookkeepers, financial advisors, etc. Allowing small businesses to benefit from this type of security and control of their accounts is tremendous, yet the overall costs of the associated business banking solutions are often simply too great for the small business to bear. The result is either a lack of privacy, security and control, where the business owner must grant unfettered access to account information to a 3^rd party bookkeeper or accountant, or the business owner simply continues to pay for manual bookkeeping transaction entry.

Cash Management

Most small businesses operate on cash, and expense and cash management is essential to maintaining operations. Consumer banking solutions may offer limited capabilities for expense and cash reporting, but the services offered through many business banking portals would be far more beneficial for the business, reflecting trends and providing more insight relating to business financial activities and business behavior. Unfortunately, many of these services designed for business customers are oriented towards the larger organization, and are far too complicated or expensive to provide real value to the owner of a small business.

Small businesses fuel the economy, yet remain a largely untapped market in terms of business banking and other services. Small businesses run “under the radar” of many service providers because they have not reached the point where the obviously available business services (e.g, the more profitable banking solutions) seem attractive to them. Banks need to recognize that serving the small business customer well – providing the services which help small businesses grow into bigger businesses – is ultimately the key to acquiring new customers for whom the big banking solutions fit.

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Read more about small business banking and credit

August 20, 2013March 26, 2019

Financial Literacy and Small Business Success

Businesses and individuals alike must make complicated financial decisions throughout their lives. Sadly, the volumes of research which explore aspects of financial and debt “literacy” among individuals and small business owners reflects that a growing portion of the population lacks the understanding to make these decisions. Questions surrounding this issue often focus on the educational aspects, and the positive impacts which might be created through greater levels of understanding of accounting fundamentals and the basics of financial management. Particularly in smaller businesses, where there is a much closer relationship between business and personal finances, understanding even basic financial concepts is likely to lead to “better financial decisions and household well-being”.

a strong relationship between debt literacy and both financial experiences and debt loads [1]

Because many educational offerings tie to specific training approaches and methodologies, it becomes very difficult to measure the usefulness of the skills developed separately from the effectiveness of the training methodology. Trainers may employ specific devices or tools which facilitate their delivery, and often times these tools become more of a focus than the actual educational content. On the other hand, a program might provide a great deal of information in a fairly raw form, yet this information is unlikely to deliver a useful result if the participants do not understand it or cannot grasp the concepts introduced. The challenge is not only with providing the education, but finding a balance with the information and the outcomes; understanding how basic the training might be and still provide a measurable, beneficial impact.

In the study Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb, the authors discuss the benefits of teaching small business owners a series of fundamental “rules of thumb” for management of the business, rather than delving into the complexities of comprehensive business accounting and finance. Teaching participants about the basics of double entry bookkeeping, cash management and investing, and then coupling that information with instruction on essential processes to follow resulted in significant improvements in financial management and improved the accuracy and consistency of reported data.

the rule-of-thumb training changes actual business management practices [2]

Outcomes show consistently positive when a simpler approach to developing “financial literacy” is provided to small business owners, and particularly when the training and content is oriented towards the characteristics of the participants. The highest level of result was achieved with business owners with a low level of financial “sophistication”, with a limited interest in financial or accounting training, and with limited baseline business practice structure. These were the participants who were found to be most likely to implement what they learned in the “rule of thumb” training.

The conclusion drawn from these discussions is that financial education and basic accounting training can become a key factor in helping business owners not only account and report better for their businesses, but provides an essential foundation for understanding how to grow the business and create profitability. Accounting professionals working with small business clients should recognize that an effort to provide a level of education to clients is likely to not only help those clients make better business (and personal) financial decisions, it will also increase the chances that the client will keep better books and provide the accounting professional with more consistently useful information to work from.

After all, the goal of the accounting professional working with small business clients is to help those small businesses become successful businesses, isn’t it?

Joanie Mann Bunny Feet Make Sense?

[1] http://www.nber.org/papers/w14808.pdf

Debt Literacy, Financial Experiences, and Overindebtedness | Annamaria Lusardi and Peter Tufano| NBER Working Paper No. 14808|March 2009

[2] https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/kis-dfs-march2013_0.pdf | Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb | By ALEJANDRO DREXLER, GREG FISCHER, AND ANTOINETTE SCHOAR

August 12, 2013August 14, 2013

The Language of Accounting: Disconnect between Accountants and Bookkeepers

There are a tremendous number of bookkeeper training programs developed over the years which propose to deliver the essential bookkeeping knowledge (e.g., double entry accounting) required in order to properly service business bookkeeping requirements. Particularly as the CPA profession stepped away from traditional bookkeeping in favor of performing “higher level” and more profitable work, there was and continues to be a great need for skilled and experienced bookkeepers. While it seems that accountants and bookkeepers would be a natural fit for partnering to serve small business client needs, there is often a disconnect between the two which causes the working relationship to not always prove as beneficial as it could. What is the cause of this disconnect? In many cases, it is due to the fact that the bookkeeper training educated the operator on the use of a software product, and not on the fundamentals of accounting and bookkeeping.

Over the past few years, I have had the opportunity to look through a lot of bookkeeper training programs, and the thing that stands out is that many of these programs aren’t really training bookkeepers on accounting principles. More frequently, the training is focused on teaching users how to use software (usually QuickBooks). With the number of users of the QuickBooks product, it is obvious that there is a need to educate users on the solution because people need to know how to use their software properly. But it happened at some point in time that a majority of the industry came to believe that learning QuickBooks (or Xero or Freshbooks or Kashoo or whatever) was somehow synonymous with learning bookkeeping.

When I first started working with my father in his accounting practice, I had to use a manual general ledger, check register, etc. It was all manual – computers didn’t come along for a while (yes, I am that old). It was time-consuming, but it taught me the fundamentals. I know what a subledger is. In consumer-friendly software like QuickBooks, you don’t work in the AR subledger; you push the button that says “customers” or maybe “invoices”. QuickBooks, in many ways, doesn’t speak accounting. It speaks record keeping. And this is where the disconnect begins.

An old school accountant will recall the green eye shade days and working with book ledgers and 13-column pads, but even “new” school accounting professionals know that the fundamentals of accounting aren’t available for re-invention. A debit is still a debit and a credit is a credit. Yes, there are intimacies involved which speak to specific treatment of items for reporting and tax purposes, etc., but the essentials of double entry and other basic accounting principles are consistent and unchanging.

The “language of accounting” includes certain precise terms with specific meaning, and this precision in the use of terms simply doesn’t exist in many bookkeeper training programs. Rather than focusing on the fundamental accounting training bookkeepers truly need in order to be of maximum value to the business, these programs focus on helping users become experts in using the software product, or even to become experts at teaching others how to use the solution. While this software expertise may be beneficial in terms of helping accountants work with their clients who use the software, it doesn’t add enough value to the relationship to warrant partnering. What accounting professionals need are bookkeepers who understand bookkeeping and who can apply basic accounting principles to the task. Which software they operate is secondary to that purpose.

Professional bookkeepers, accountants, and the business client are all in a position to benefit tremendously when the service providers team up to provide comprehensive service. The key to making these connections lies with the professional bookkeeper who must not only understand basic accounting principles, but must also be able to speak to the accounting professional in their native language.

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Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables? | FundingGates blog

Trade Accounts Receivable (AR) represents the credit a company extends to its business partners. AR is essentially an approach to financing customers’ business operations, using the supplier company as the lender rather than a bank or other source. Particularly when markets are slow-moving and cash availability is low, trade credit tends to be what keeps businesses in business. AR is a business asset (which explains why it shows up on the balance sheet), because it is something the business has that is of value. When the business needs to get a little of its own financing, should an approach using AR as the basis be a consideration? Is it even possible?

AR “financing” means that the business trade accounts receivable are the main consideration of the lender in providing financing, where the AR is either collateral for the loan or is a factor making the business eligible for the loan. There are many types of AR-based financing, and there are still more issues to think about before trying to use AR as a financing tool.

When it comes to other assets in the business, the information about them is probably pretty well-known. Physical assets in particular don’t leave a lot of question as to their value – at least in terms of what was paid for them and then depreciated over time. Other assets, like Accounts Receivable, are a bit more difficult to value. Realistically, the value of the AR may not actually BE the book value of the AR, because not all of that money may be able to be collected. Considering that companies fail or go bankrupt or experience other events which cause them to default on obligations, there is risk connected to the AR and, subsequently, a question of whether or not it makes sense to “leverage” that AR for immediate cash.

There is research out of the Columbia School of Business (among other sources) which discusses a condition called “information asymmetry”and how it may impact the business decision to use AR financing.

Tag: finance

Revenue Recognition and closing the reporting GAAP

Revenue Recognition and closing the reporting GAAP

4 Rules of Thumb for Fiscally Fit Business

4 Rules of Thumb for Fiscally Fit Business

Financial Literacy and Small Business Success

The Language of Accounting: Disconnect between Accountants and Bookkeepers

The Language of Accounting: Disconnect between Accountants and Bookkeepers

Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables? | FundingGates blog

Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables? | FundingGates blog

Read the rest of the article on FundingGates blog: Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables?.

Revenue Recognition and closing the reporting GAAP

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4 Rules of Thumb for Fiscally Fit Business

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Banks and Small Business: Finding the “Just Right” Fit Isn’t Easy

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The Language of Accounting: Disconnect between Accountants and Bookkeepers

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Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables? | FundingGates blog

Read the rest of the article on FundingGates blog: Does Your Customer Data Support the Value of Your Receivables?.

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